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“Competency” is a complex notion that refers to the capacity, in varying circumstances, to use knowledge, skills, and values in actions that serve a purpose (e.g., promoting or regaining health or various intermediate outcomes on the way to health). The lowest-order competency is the ability to take certain actions successfully without much self-awareness, capacity to reflect, or adaptability. The highest-order competency is to interact with others with mindfulness, awareness, and adaptability, that is, to be what Donald Schön has called a “reflective practitioner

The acquisition of competencies in the social and behavioral sciences (SBS) in undergraduate medical education, indeed throughout the long career in medicine, is a staged process that combines learning of several different types (cognitive, behavioral, and social).

While many courses have successfully achieved their objectives, many others have been subject to student and faculty criticism, frequent course revision, discontinuation, and faculty turnover Withsome exceptions, the same limitations and critiquesdirected toward undergraduate medical education holdtrue for graduate medical education as well

It has been estimated that toxoplasmic encephalitis will develop in about 30% of persons with AIDS in the United States who are seropositive for Toxoplasma.8 Furthermore, individuals who acquire HIV infection and who have not been infected previously with Toxoplasma are more likely to develop a severe primary infection with this organism.

Cats usually cover their feces with sand or soil, thus protect¬ing the oocysts, which measure 10 |im by 13 |im and may remain viable for up to a year or more in moist soil

Congenital toxoplasmosis can occur when a woman acquires her initial infection during pregnancy.Although the infection is usually inapparent in the woman, the lesions in the fetus show a wide degree of severity, depending on the gestational age at which transplacental transmission occurred.

After each surgery, the surgeon I worked with fully
takes off his mask and hair bonnet prior to speaking
with the patient’s family. Although it only takes seconds
to do this, I believe it helps the family feel more
at ease and allows them to see the surgeon as a true
human not hiding behind anything.Third-year medical
student, IUSM 2006